Pantone

Pantone is a standardized colour matching system (PMS for short) or 'Spot colours' as they are also called. Pantone developed their first ever colour matching system in 1963. Standardized as they have created a numbering system that gives individual colours and identity. This is a huge benefit as different manufactures and artists all over the world can insure colours match without contacting one another.
The pantone solid palette is the most common used palette and was originally designed for the graphics industry. Yet so popular that it is used by all industries. It consists of 1,114 colours and are identified by 3 or 4 digit numbers, followed by C, U, or M suffix.
For example; 456C or 1234M

C - Coated paper
U - Uncoated paper
M - Matte paper

                                                                           1234M                                                                     

456C

Pantone also have a process palette consisting of 3,000 digitally created colour variations, using CMYK process printing. These are identified by DS followed by hyphenated numbers from DS-1-1 through DS-334-9 and may be followed by C or U. These are only suitable for 4 colour printing and are used to design colour build using CMYK, in various combinations.

The Pantone Colour Bridge is a usefull tool used to convert Solid Colours into CMYK percentages.

Global fashion, textile, and apparel designers/manufactures use another palette created by Pantone which simply called Fashion and Home colours of which it boasts 1,925 Pantone. This textile palette consists of various colours and is identified by 2 digits, followed by a hyphen, 4 digits, and a suffix. the suffix is changed dependent on the material.
For example; Pantone 19-2430 could be identified as Pantone 19-2430 TPX Purple Potion(printed on paper) or 19-2430 TC Purple potion (dyed on cotton). 

There is also a Plastic palette used mostly for specific colours for molded and fabricated plastics. Consisting of 735 transparent and 1,005 opaque plastic colour chips, each chip comes in 3 different layers of thickness with the purpose of displaying different levels of transparency.
Examples; Opaque (Q) Q200-2-4 and Transparent (T) T200-2-4.

The final and newer palette that Pantone offers is the Goe Palette containing 2,058 chromatically-arranged solid colours.